Deliverable 4.2 marks a significant milestone in enabling smarter and more efficient electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. The report presents the development and integration of advanced subcomponent models that simulate complex EV charging scenarios, supporting the design of intelligent, scalable, and flexible energy solutions within the XL-Connect project.
At the core of this achievement is the integration of these models into the cloud-based xMOD simulation platform, allowing for coordinated control strategies and optimized energy management across the EV ecosystem. The models capture both the physical and behavioural dynamics of key system elements, including vehicles, batteries, charging infrastructure, users, and the electrical grid.
Several major innovations underpin this work. High-fidelity EV and battery models incorporate thermal behaviour, battery ageing, HVAC systems, and bidirectional charging capabilities, validated through extensive testing of different battery chemistries. In parallel, user behaviour models simulate real-world charging patterns across home and public settings, using a combination of survey data, expert insights, and mobility simulations.
The deliverable also introduces detailed representations of charging infrastructure, including fast chargers and systems integrated with renewable energy sources and battery storage. These are complemented by grid interaction models that assess the impact of EV and solar integration on grid stability and infrastructure planning at the low-voltage level.
Together, these models enable the development and testing of advanced demand response strategies and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services, paving the way for more responsive and resilient energy systems. Importantly, the work also considers regulatory requirements, ensuring alignment with evolving European and national frameworks.
Despite challenges such as data privacy constraints and uncertainties around long-term battery performance under V2X use, Deliverable 4.2 provides a robust foundation for the next generation of smart charging strategies—bringing Europe closer to a more sustainable and integrated energy future.
